BACKGROUND: Thoracoscopy is a minimally invasive method used in diagnosis and treatment of many disorders in animals, however, its application in smaller species is limited in literature which can be contributed to the challenges faced while performing a minimally invasive procedure in smaller mammals. OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the feasibility and ideal port placement considering heart as the target organ in rabbit. Also, the impact of ventilation protocol on rate of mortality was evaluated. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were used in this experiment. Approaches used for the introduction of the camera were Para-xiphoid and intercostal space, the optimal spot for insertion of the second trocar relative to the camera was also evaluated, lung damage and rate of mortality were assessed under two different Mechanical ventilation modes of pressure-controlled and volume-controlled. RESULTS: Surgical view gained through the para-xiphoid approach is rather panoramic and spatial than the direct intercostal view, maneuver on the heart with an instrument is easier when the 5th intercostal space is used for the second trocar. With the help of PCV, lungs sustain less damage and atelectasis can be avoided till the end of the procedure and therefore, less mortality is experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Using the Para-xiphoid approach and the correct ventilation protocol provides sufficient working space under good vison, which makes the rabbit thoracoscopic heart model a practical model that can be used in many cardiac experiments.

the use of Artificial Intelligence is new concept in field of Mechanical ventilation. In these few last years about 90 Articles has been published in field of AI use in Mechanical ventilation [1] and to my knowledge there is only one clinical trial comparing AI controlled weaning from Mechanical ventilation with conventional method.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal or tracheostomy tube in Mechanically ventilated patients disturb verbal communication with others. Therefore, patients are frustrated of requesting for their needs or problems related to artificial breathing. Therefore investigating self-experiences of these patients can be applied in providing them with a better care by clinical personnel.METHODS: This is a qualitative phenomenological survey. The study population was patients who were Mechanically ventilated at least for one time and were more than 12 years old. Data were collected during five months by deep interview and then were analyzed by Collizi's seven–stage method.RESULTS: The findings of this research were classified in 139 codes and 3 categories as: 1) Interpersonal experiences, 2) Extra personal experiences and 3) Intrapersonal experiences.CONCLUSION: Mechanically ventilated patients tolerate many stressors, which many of them are externally sustained. Better care will reduce these stressors, and make it easier for the patients to get along with the artificial breathing. Meanwhile some pleasure experiences had been mentioned by patients in this study.

Background: In the treatment process of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, one of the threatening complications is pulmonary complications such as barotrauma. Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of barotrauma in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) of two hospitals in Rasht, Iran. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICUs of Razi and Poursina hospitals in Rasht in 2020. Their files were studied, and their demographic/clinical data and pulmonary complications were extracted using a checklist by an anesthesia resident.   Results Out of 140 patients, 81(57. 9%) received non-invasive Mechanical ventilation and 59(42. 1%) had invasive ventilation. Barotrauma was observed in 9 cases (6. 4%), 8(88. 9%) in the form of pneumothorax and one (11. 1%) in the form of both pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema. The results showed that the incidence of barotrauma was significantly higher among patients who received invasive Mechanical ventilation (P=0. 003). No significant difference was observed among patients received non-invasive ventilation (P>0. 05).   Conclusion: The prevalence of barotrauma among COVID-19 patients in the study hospitals is low, which indicates the proper performance of the attending physicians and compliance with the standard guidelines

Traumatic chest injury is one the most important factors for total morbidity and mortality in traumatized emergency patients (1). Chest trauma is the cause of 20% to 25% of the trauma-related deaths per year in the United States and is the leading cause of death in the first four decades of life (2). Traumatic chest injuries often occur in combination with other severe injuries, such as head, brain, extremity and abdominal injuries (3). Traumatic chest trauma can occur after car and motor accident, assaults, falls and explosive blasts via a variety of different mechanisms. Overall, car and motor accidents account for 70% to 80% of all thoracic injuries (4).

Objective: Air leak syndromes including pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and pulmonary interstitial emphysema are frequent in neonatal period. Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure is one of the most common causes of these syndromes. The aim of this study was to evaluate predisposing factors and incidence of pneumothorax in newborns under Mechanical ventilation.Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed in 400 newborns under Mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Iran from April 2004 to December 2008. Predisposing factors leading to ventilation and incidence of air leak syndromes were studied. Sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery, history of surfactant replacement therapy, ventilator settings and mortality rate were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Univariate analysis and regression analysis were considered.Findings: Among 400 patients under Mechanical ventilation, 102 neonates developed pneumothorax (26%). Fifty six (54.9%) of them were boys and 46 (45.1%) girls.54.9% of newborns with pneumothorax were preterm and 45.1% term. Birth weight less than 2500g was recorded in 59.8%. Fifty two percent of these neonates were born by cesarean section vs.32% of newborns without pneumothorax. The most common type (62.7%) of ventilation leading to pneumothorax was Inspiratory Positive Pressure ventilation (IPPV). Surfactant replacement therapy was recorded in 32.4% of cases with pneumothorax compared to 60.4% of neonates under ventilation without pneumothorax, which was significantly different (P=0.017).Conclusion: In newborns surfactant replacement therapy can reduce the risk of pneumothorax caused by Mechanical ventilation.

Background/Objective: Air leak syndromes are frequent in neonatal period. Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure is one of the most common causes of these syndromes. The aim of this study was to detect the incidence of pneumothorax in newborns under Mechanical ventilation.Patients and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed on 400 newborns admitted in the intensive care unit of 22 Bahman Hospital of Mashhad during 1383-1387. All patients were under Mechanical ventilation. Sex, gestational age, birth weight, type of delivery, history of surfactant therapy and mortality rate after pneumothorax were recorded in questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done on the obtained data using SPSS software.Results: Among 400 patients under ventilation, 102 neonates developed pneumothorax (26%). 55% of these cases were boys and 45% were girls. Pneumothorax was on the right side in 66.7%, on the left side in 12.8% and bilateral in 19.6%. In newborns with pneumothorax 54.9% were preterm and 45.1% were term. Birth weight less than 2500g was seen in 59.8% of the cases. Among these neonates 19.6% were very low birth weight (under 1500g). In newborns with pneumothorax, 52% were born with cesarean section and 48% with normal vaginal delivery which was significantly different (P= 0.015). Surfactant therapy was recorded in 32.4% of cases with pneumothorax. The most common type of ventilation leading to pneumothorax was Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory ventilation (SIMV) in 51%, Conventional ventilation and Continious Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) were seen in 35% and 12.3% of pneumothoraces, respectively. Conclusion: Male sex, prematurity, birth weight below 2500g, cesarean section, negative history of surfactant therapy were risk factors of neonatal pneumothorax. CPAP was the least common kind of ventilation in pneumothorax cases.